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A crack refers to the means of achieving, for example a stolen serial number or a tool that performs that act of cracking.[2] Some of these tools are called keygen, patch, loader, or no-disc crack. A keygen is a handmade product serial number generator that often offers the ability to generate working serial numbers in your own name. A patch is a small computer program that modifies the machine code of another program. This has the advantage for a cracker to not include a large executable in a release when only a few bytes are changed.[3] A loader modifies the startup flow of a program and does not remove the protection but circumvents it.[4][5] A well-known example of a loader is a trainer used to cheat in games.[6] Fairlight pointed out in one of their .nfo files that these type of cracks are not allowed for warez scene game releases.[7][4][8] A nukewar has shown that the protection may not kick in at any point for it to be a valid crack.[9]

On Atari 8-bit computers, the most common protection method was via "bad sectors". These were sectors on the disk that were intentionally unreadable by the disk drive. The software would look for these sectors when the program was loading and would stop loading if an error code was not returned when accessing these sectors. Special copy programs were available that would copy the disk and remember any bad sectors. The user could then use an application to spin the drive by constantly reading a single sector and display the drive RPM. With the disk drive top removed a small screwdriver could be used to slow the drive RPM below a certain point. Once the drive was slowed down the application could then go and write "bad sectors" where needed. When done the drive RPM was sped up back to normal and an uncracked copy was made. Of course cracking the software to expect good sectors made for readily copied disks without the need to meddle with the disk drive. As time went on more sophisticated methods were developed, but almost all involved some form of malformed disk data, such as a sector that might return different data on separate accesses due to bad data alignment. Products became available (from companies such as Happy Computers) which replaced the controller BIOS in Atari's "smart" drives. These upgraded drives allowed the user to make exact copies of the original program with copy protections in place on the new disk.

On the Commodore 64, several methods were used to protect software. For software distributed on ROM cartridges, subroutines were included which attempted to write over the program code. If the software was on ROM, nothing would happen, but if the software had been moved to RAM, the software would be disabled. Because of the operation of Commodore floppy drives, one write protection scheme would cause the floppy drive head to bang against the end of its rail, which could cause the drive head to become misaligned. In some cases, cracked versions of software were desirable to avoid this result. A misaligned drive head was rare usually fixing itself by smashing against the rail stops. Another brutal protection scheme was grinding from track 1 to 40 and back a few times.

Most of the early software crackers were computer hobbyists who often formed groups that competed against each other in the cracking and spreading of software. Breaking a new copy protection scheme as quickly as possible was often regarded as an opportunity to demonstrate one's technical superiority rather than a possibility of money-making. Software crackers usually did not benefit materially from their actions and their motivation was the challenge itself of removing the protection.[14] Some low skilled hobbyists would take already cracked software and edit various unencrypted strings of text in it to change messages a game would tell a game player, often something considered vulgar. Uploading the altered copies on file sharing networks provided a source of laughs for adult users. The cracker groups of the 1980s started to advertise themselves and their skills by attaching animated screens known as crack intros in the software programs they cracked and released.[15] Once the technical competition had expanded from the challenges of cracking to the challenges of creating visually stunning intros, the foundations for a new subculture known as demoscene were established. Demoscene started to separate itself from the illegal "warez scene" during the 1990s and is now regarded as a completely different subculture. Many software crackers have later grown into extremely capable software reverse engineers; the deep knowledge of assembly required in order to crack protections enables them to reverse engineer drivers in order to port them from binary-only drivers for Windows to drivers with source code for Linux and other free operating systems. Also because music and game intro was such an integral part of gaming the music format and graphics became very popular when hardware became affordable for the home user.

The most common software crack is the modification of an application's binary to cause or prevent a specific key branch in the program's execution. This is accomplished by reverse engineering the compiled program code using a debugger such as SoftICE,[18] OllyDbg, GDB, or MacsBug until the software cracker reaches the subroutine that contains the primary method of protecting the software (or by disassembling an executable file with a program such as IDA).[19] The binary is then modified using the debugger or a hex editor such as HIEW[20] or monitor in a manner that replaces a prior branching opcode with its complement or a NOP opcode so the key branch will either always execute a specific subroutine or skip over it. Almost all common software cracks are a variation of this type. Proprietary software developers are constantly developing techniques such as code obfuscation, encryption, and self-modifying code to make this modification increasingly difficult.[21] Even with these measures being taken, developers struggle to combat software cracking. This is because it is very common for a professional to publicly release a simple cracked EXE or Retrium Installer for public download, eliminating the need for inexperienced users to crack the software themselves.

In other cases, it might be possible to decompile a program in order to get access to the original source code or code on a level higher than machine code. This is often possible with scripting languages and languages utilizing JIT compilation. An example is cracking (or debugging) on the .NET platform where one might consider manipulating CIL to achieve one's needs. Java's bytecode also works in a similar fashion in which there is an intermediate language before the program is compiled to run on the platform dependent machine code.[23]

Advanced reverse engineering for protections such as SecuROM, SafeDisc, StarForce, or Denuvo requires a cracker, or many crackers to spend much more time studying the protection, eventually finding every flaw within the protection code, and then coding their own tools to "unwrap" the protection automatically from executable (.EXE) and library (.DLL) files.

When you install a new GitLab instance without a license, only Free featuresare enabled. To enable more features in GitLab Enterprise Edition (EE), activateyour instance with an activation code.Activate GitLab EEIn GitLab Enterprise Edition 14.1 and later, you need an activation code to activateyour instance.Prerequisite:You must purchase a subscription.You must be running GitLab Enterprise Edition (EE).You must have GitLab 14.1 or later.Your instance must be connected to the internet.To activate your instance with an activation code:Copy the activation code, a 24-character alphanumeric string, from either:Your subscription confirmation email.The Customers Portal, on the Manage Purchases page.Sign in to your GitLab self-managed instance.On the top bar, select Main menu > Admin.On the left sidebar, select Subscription.Paste the activation code in Activation code.Read and accept the terms of service.Select Activate.The subscription is activated.If you have an offline environment,activate GitLab EE with a license file or key instead.If you have questions or need assistance activating your instance,contact GitLab Support.When the license expires,some functionality is locked.Verify your GitLab editionTo verify the edition, sign in to GitLab and selectHelp () > Help. The GitLab edition and version are listedat the top of the page.If you are running GitLab Community Edition, you can upgrade your installation to GitLabEE. For more details, see Upgrading between editions.If you have questions or need assistance upgrading from GitLab Community Edition (CE) to EE,contact GitLab Support.TroubleshootingCannot activate instance due to connectivity errorThis error occurs when you use an activation code to activate your instance, but your instance is unable to connect to the GitLab servers.You may have connectivity issues due to the following reasons:You have an offline environment:Configure your setup to allow connection to GitLab servers. If connection to GitLab servers is not possible, contact your Sales Representative to request a license key. You can also contact GitLab support if you need help finding your Sales Representative.Customers Portal is not operational:To check for performance or service disruptions, check the Customers Portal status.Firewall settings:Check if your GitLab instance has an encrypted connection to customers.gitlab.com (with IP addresses 172.64.146.11 and 104.18.41.245) on port 443: curl --verbose " "If the curl command returns a failure, either:Configure a proxy in gitlab.rb to point to your server.Contact your network administrator to make changes to the proxy. Help & feedbackDocsEdit this pageto fix an error or add an improvement in a merge request.Create an issueto suggest an improvement to this page.Show and post commentsto review and give feedback about this page.ProductCreate an issueif there's something you don't like about this feature.Propose functionalityby submitting a feature request.Join First Lookto help shape new features.Feature availability and product trialsView pricingto see all GitLab tiers and features, or to upgrade.Try GitLab for freewith access to all features for 30 days.Get HelpIf you didn't find what you were looking for,search the docs.If you want help with something specific and could use community support,post on the GitLab forum.For problems setting up or using this feature (depending on your GitLabsubscription). 2b1af7f3a8